Management And Organizational Behaviour †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Management And Organizational Behaviour? Answer: Introduction: The leadership is most widely used concept in the organizational behavior as this is the process to influence the people to achieve the specific goals. The main purpose of this essay to highlight the different types of the leadership style as well as the application of the path goal theory of the leadership for the achievement of the goals. The term leadership is used as an art that helps to give a new shape to the organization and the leadership requires, different styles, skills, techniques and self confidence. There are many traits and theories are associated with the business process of the leadership and the most common attributes or traits used by the leaders are determination, intelligence, self confidence, charisma and integrity. The company leaders are the people who exhibit the ideas, visions, values, power to influence and motivate others as well as have the ability to take the best decisions. The leadership has a great impact on the performance of the organization as the leadership influence its employees to focus towards the achievement of the goals and objectives. In this essay, the different types of the leaders and the path goal theory of the leadership as well as the review of the different articles are going to be discussed in detail. Discussion: There are many articles given by the many authors in relation to the leadership and the path goal theory. However, Leana Polston, discussed about the path goal theory in her article named as the Path goal theory, relationships of the leadership styles and commitments of supervisor. The purpose of this article is to represent the clear picture and to investigate the theory of the path and goal leadership and highlights the relationship between the different leadership styles. It is analyzed that the path goal theory is the contingency approach of the leadership which is based on the theory of the expectancy and motivation given by the Vrooms. The path goal theory was developed by the Evan in the year 1970 and later on it is carried by the House (Silverthorne, 2001). The path goal theory is beneficial to find out the reason behind the rewards and to determine how these rewards and incentives affect the satisfaction and motivation of the employees, working in the organization. The autho r of this article has the viewpoint that the leader has the ability to influence the subordinates and re-enforcement of the change in them, is the most important aspect of the Path goal theory. The path goal theory, however, presents the four different styles or behaviors of the leader and these are Directive, Supportive, Participative and achievement oriented. Directive leadership is the first leadership behavior presented in the path goal theory and these styles are better explained in the article Application of the Path theory in Telecom sector. This article is given by the Hyatt Malik and he talks about the importance of this theory in the telecommunication industry. Leadership is the most important aspect and every organization adopts the leadership process to achieve the goals. The directive leadership style involves the specific guidelines or the instructions given by the leaders to their subordinate to teach them how to perform their specific tasks. Moreover, the Directive leaders set the standard and targets for the people to achieve and then measure their performance accordingly. The directive style of leaders helpful to give the directions to the people and provides the expectations of the performance. The term acceptance of leader refers to the state of the subordinates who are always ready to accept the guidelines of the leader s. The findings of the research report also depict that the directive leaders have a strong relation with the acceptance of the leader which is the part of the path goal theory (Malik et al., 2014). Furthermore, the supportive leadership style is concerned with the well being of the employees and support the individuals. A supportive leader is always focusing to overcome the stress of the employees as well as to reduce the feeling of the frustration at the workplace. This type of leadership style is helpful to build the interpersonal relationships with the employees and to motivate them to perform well in the organization to get the attractive rewards and incentives. The findings of the report of the Hyatt Malik demonstrate the significant relation between the supportive leadership style and the acceptance of the leader. The motivation and the support given by the leaders is very effective to improve the performance of the subordinates to achieve the goals of the organization. This type of the leadership is useful in the certain circumstances, especially, when the employees at the workplace found more stressed and frustrated. However, it is the duty of the Supportive leaders to control the environment and gives powerful attention to the needs and welfare of his or her employees (Mohammed et al., 2014) The Participative style is also the one of the prominent aspect of the path goal theory of the leadership. In this leadership style, the leaders appreciate the ideas, suggestions and the views of the employees and make them feel special by inviting them to participate in the process of the decision making. This is also considered as the best tool to motivate the subordinates as their participation leads to the mental satisfaction and the self motivation among the employees. The results of the study presented by the Colin Silverthorne in Taiwan also demonstrate the fact that the participation of the employees in the decision making has the great attempt that can be followed by the organization. The sample has been taken from the major company in Taiwan which includes 46 leaders and 92 subordinates. The data for this study was collected with the help of the questionnaires and the findings of the report revealed that the participative leadership is the effective style builds the strong relationship between the managers and the subordinates. It has been observed that the the participative leadership styles bring the innovation and creativity through the suggestions of the employees and as a result of which it improves the employee skills (Sarti, 2014). Furthermore, the last leadership style is the achievement oriented style. This type of style refers to the setting of goal, set high standards and emphasizing on the improvements in the work performance of the employees at work. This type of leader encourages the employees or subordinates to perform better and give their best to reach the highest level of the goal attainments. Achievement leaders set a challenging goals, improve performance and shows confidence that employees will assume more responsibility and effort. The research is conducted on the sports team, which suggested that the achievement oriented leadership style is important as compared to the participative styles as the participation of the team members is less important because of the sports spirit of the team members. Achievement behavior is important in sports teams. The group members work independently, it may lead to better group performance. However, this achievement oriented theory may have the negative effects as the subordinates feel themselves under pressure and because of which they would not be able to perform well in the organization. At that time, the employees were in the need of motivation of the supportive leader (Polston-Murdoch, 2013). Conclusion: Therefore, it is concluded that the all the leadership styles are playing the significant role in order to improve the performance of the employees or subordinates to achieve the goal of the organizations. As above, all the four different styles of the leadership such Directive, Supportive, Participative and the achievement oriented styles, has been discussed (Ogbeide, 2011). The essay basically focused on the theory of path goal leadership and this helps the organization to motivate and influence their employees or the subordinates for their better performance. However, it is the responsibility of the leaders to adopt the flexible techniques and leadership styles accounting to the circumstances. There are many studies on the basis of which it is concluded that the leadership is the most effective strategy to motivate the employees and influence employee satisfaction for the organizational growth (Williams, 2017). As per the different studies, the most effective leadership styles is the Directive style that provides the instructions to perform the specific task. This is concluded from the above essay that the path goal theory is making the employees fit for the organization. The use of the different styles is dependent on the different situation and the circumstances. The findings of the reports mentioned above also revealed the significance of the leadership styles with regard to the motivation and employee satisfaction in the organization. References Malik, S., Aziz, S. Hassan, H., 2014. Leadership Behavior and Acceptance of Leaders by Subordinates: Application of Path Goal Theory in Telecom Sector. International Journal of Trade, Economics and Finance, 5(2), pp.170-75. Mohammed, U. et al., 2014. The Relationship between Leadership Styles and Employees Performance in Organizations (A Study of Selected Business Organizations in Federal Capital Territory, Abuja Nigeria). European Journal of Business and Management, 6(22), pp.1-11. Ogbeide, G., 2011. Leadership Styles for Foodservice Managers. Journal of Culinary Science Technology, 9(3), pp.177-92. Polston-Murdoch, L., 2013. An Investigation of Path-Goal Theory, Relationship of Leadership Style, Supervisor- Related Commitment, and Gender. Emerging leadership journal, pp.13-33. Sarti, D., 2014. Leadership styles to engage employees: evidence from human service organizations in Italy. Journal of Workplace Learning, 26(3/4), pp.202-16. Silverthorne, C., 2001. A test of the path-goal leadership theory in Taiwan. Leadership Organization Development Journal, 22(4), pp.151-58. Williams, C., 2017. MGMT3 /? Chuck Williams, Alan McWilliams, Rob Lawrence, Available at: https://trove.nla.gov.au/work/37889804?selectedversion=NBD5853473

Road To Teenage Pregnancy Essays - Adolescence, Adolescent Sexuality

Road To Teenage Pregnancy The Road of Teenage Pregnancy As a senior in high school, I had to make a very important decision. Did I want to have a baby and finish school, or did I want to get married and quit school. Although abortion and adoption were the right choice for some people, I knew they were not the right choice for me. Regretfully, I chose to drop out of school, marriage and parenthood. Many teenagers have been faced with the same decision, but how do they know which road is the right one to take? For each person the same choice may not be the right choice. In my case, I had seen friends pregnant in school who suffered criticism for deciding to have sex at such a young age and for not knowing how to protect themselves against pregnancy. What many teenagers do not realize is that some children do not have someone to talk to them about these things. I knew nothing about sex or protection and found myself in a position with someone who knew nothing about those things either. I decided that I did not want to place myself in the position to be criticized by these things and quit school. Quitting school was a very hard decision for me to make. It forced me to decide what I was going to do with my life once the baby came. Since I took cosmetology classes at the technical school for two years while I was in high school, I decided to enroll in a local beauty school to finish the hours I needed to take the board exam. I went the entire time I was pregnant and graduated by the time the baby was four months old. I passed my board examination and received my license by the time she was six months old. I worked as a beautician for three years and made a decent living. I soon realized I did not want to be a beautician for the rest of my life. Do I regret the decision I made? To answer that, I would have to say that I do regret the decision to drop out of school but have never once regretted having the baby. It was not easy being married and a parent at the age of seventeen. We were both too young for the responsibilities we faced. I worked to support us, went to beauty school, and dealt with pregnancy while he finished high school. There were times I felt like all the responsibility had been placed on me, which made me bitter and caused problems with our marriage. I knew our marriage was over by the time our daughter was four years old so we agreed to get a divorce. I found out I was pregnant during our separation and quickly decided that I would not settle on marriage for that reason again. There are times that I feel like I should have tried harder to make things work, but I think we would have been unhappy. I would not want to give my children that kind of life. To this day, I think I made the right decision because our life is good and is getting better everyday. Many positive things have come from my decision such as discovering the things that are most important to me. I want to make a good life and provide my children with the best possible choices. I have also learned that I do not want people to remember me only because I got pregnant in high school and dropped out. These thoughts and feeling have pushed me to get my GED, enroll in college, and to pursue a career in education. I have learned that children are important to me and I want to make a difference in their life. I want my children to know the decisions that they will have to face someday, to know which decisions are the right ones to make, and to know the consequences of the things they may choose to do. I do not think I would have these feelings so strongly if I had chosen a different road. Who knows what I might be doing now? Do the things that

Politics Of Displacement Essays - Guggenheim Fellows,

Politics Of Displacement Jean Elshtain, Chp.2 Democracy and the Politics of Displacement Response to Question 1: In the excerpted chapter titled Democracy and the Politics of Displacement, Jean Elshtain discusses the concept of ?politics of identity'. In discussing the ?politics of identity', Elshtain argues there is an emerging social phenomenon, wherein society is turning the private affairs of our lives into public discourse. The Western World has become a public pool, in which the information mediums and venues of society are overflowing with confessions and apologies. We have made the private affairs of our lives, into a booming business. Society has witnessed a proliferation of self - help groups, ?twelve- step' programs, anger management programs, television shows broadcasting a ?tell all' theme and Internet chat groups designed for people to post the confession and/or apology of the day. Inherently, it has not only become socially acceptable, but socially encouraged to air our dirty laundry. We are actively creating an ?Apologizing Society.' Elshtain argues that as the boundary separating the private and the public becomes increasingly hazed, a new social identity emerges. Elshtain argues that as this new social identity emerges, there arises a ?politics of identity.'Our social identity is no longer composed of differentiated spheres of human activity, but rather it has become a dichotomous social relationship involving those who are victims and those who are victimizers. Moreover, it is the quality or character of being a ?victim' that becomes public discourse. In turn, this quality of being a victim becomes an individual's primary or dominant identity: it defines their entire being. Through the process of class discussion, it was realized, that as the quality of being a victim enters the public lime- light, there emerges a social accumulation of victims and victimizers. The social accumulation of victims emerges as a result of two factors: 1) as the quality of being a victim becomes more public, it's definition and defining characteristics begin to broaden. Thereby, accumulating and embracing a variety of ?victims,'that otherwise, may never have come to view themselves as having been victimized; 2) as the definition of being a victim becomes more broad in the public sphere, it simultaneously becomes glorified and popularized. That is to say, society begins to credit a great deal of sympathy to, and focus a lot of attention on, those who have been victimized. As a result, a social phenomenon emerges, wherein everyone wants to be a ?victim.'As a final note, the social accumulation of victims continues, as some victims feel compelled to engage in the public service of sharing their experience with the world. For example, we often hear victims injecting society with notions of victimization through injunctions such as, My experience will have served a purpose, if I can help one person to understand that they are not alone. Essentially, there is a collective engagement among victims, to ?accumulate' more victims. Response to Question #2: Elshtain argues that the ?politics of displacement' are essentially bound up in the politics of identity, as the private self become increasingly more public, and therefore, the public begins to ?displace' the private self within society. Moreover, Elshtain argues that the politics of displacement are circumvented by two paradoxical connections, wherein: 1) everything private becomes public and 2) everything public becomes private. Through the course of class discussion, it was realized, that although Elshtain argues that everything public become private, she does not mean this, in its literal sense. Elshtain, merely presents the paradox to create the necessary juxtaposition, in which her politics of displacement can be clearly articulated. For Elshtain, the politics of displacement remain emphatic of the increasing disappearance of the boundary separating the private from the public spheres of social life. Elshtain further argues, that the politics of displacement are increasingly cutting away the social space necessary for society to maintain conventional politics. Elshtain concedes, that conventional politics have now become bound up in the politics of displacement and inherently, the politics of identity. Hence, this new social identity of being a ?victim,'which was discussed in the above response, has increasingly billowed over into conventional politics. For example, conventional or traditional politics did not encourage politicians to disclose information and details about their personal life, in contemporary society, ?telling all'

Quantitative and Analytical Techniques for Managers

Quantitative and Analytical Techniques for Managers Relationship between the variables The dependent variable in the model will be the rate of growth of GDP while the independent variable is the amount of investment expressed as a percentage of GDP. A sample data for ten countries will be used to estimate the regression equation.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Quantitative and Analytical Techniques for Managers specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The regression line will take the form g = b0 + b1 (1/Yi) + ui when the ordinary least squares method is used. The regression line can be simplified to Y = b0 + b1X Y = rate of growth of GDP X = Investment The theoretical expectations are b0 can take any value and b1 0. Regression Results Variable Coefficients of the variable b0 Y – intercept 0.331859084 b1 Investment 0.186311941 From the above table, the regression equation can be written as Y = 0.3319 + 0.1863X. The intercept value of 0.3319 shows the p roportion of growth in GDP that is not dependent on investment. The value captures the variables that were not included in the regression analysis. The coefficient value is 0.1863. The sign is positive which implies that there is a positive linear relationship between growth in GDP and investment. An increase in investment by one unit leads to the growth in GDP by 0.1863 units. This can be shown by the scatter diagram shown below (Bazen, 96).Advertising Looking for assessment on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Evaluation of regression model Evaluation of the regression model can be done by testing the statistical significance of the variables. Testing statistical significance shows whether the amount of investment is a significant determinant of the rate of change of GDP. A t – test will be used since the sample size is small. A two tailed t- test is carried out at 95% level of confidence . Null hypothesis: Ho: bi = 0 Alternative hypothesis: Ho: bi ≠  0 The null hypothesis implies that the variables are not significant determinants of demand. The alternative hypothesis implies that variables are significant determinant of demand. The table below summarizes the results of the t tests. Variable t – values computed t ÃŽ ± 0.05 Decision b0 Y – intercept 0.185875 1.9432 Do not reject Ho b1 Investment 2.924371 1.9432 Reject From the table above, the t value of the y – intercept (0.1858) is less than the computed value of t (1.9432). Thus, the null hypothesis will not be rejected. This implies that the intercept is not a significant determinant of the rate of growth of GDP a 95% significance level and thus can be dropped. On the other hand, the t value of the coefficient of the slope (2.9244) is greater than the values of t – tabulated (1.9432). Therefore, the null hypothesis will be rejected and this implies that the investme nt a significant explanatory variable. Thus, investment is statistically significant at the 95% level of significance. The value of the intercept is not relevant when testing the significance of the regression variables. Since the explanatory variable is statistically significant, it implies that the regression line can be used for prediction.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Quantitative and Analytical Techniques for Managers specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More R-square value Coefficient of determination shows the amount of changes in the dependent variable that are explained by the independent variables. A high coefficient of determination implies that the explanatory variables adequately explain the variations in the rate of growth of GDP. A low value of coefficient of determination implies that the explanatory variables do not explain the variations in the rate of growth of GDP adequately. For this regression, the value of R2 is 51.67%. This implies that the amount of investment explains only 51.67% of the variation in rate of growth of GDP. It is an indication of a weak explanatory variable. The value of adjusted R2 is superior to the value of the R2 since it eliminates the effects of the number of variables used in the regression model. It is because the number of variables has an effect of increasing the value of R2. Also, the value of adjusted R2 is low at 46.63%. The value is quite low and it indicates that the regression model is weak. It is worth mentioning that the value of adjusted R2 is not always superior in all cases. The value is of significance only when dealing with a sample not a whole population as in the case above. Besides, it is also relevant in model building (Verbeek 87). Testing the overall significance of the regression model The overall significance of the regression model can be analyzed using an F – test at the 95% level of confidence. Null hypothesis H0: ÃŽ ²0 = ÃŽ ²1 =, = ÃŽ ²p Alternative hypothesis H1: ÃŽ ²j ≠  0, for at least one value of jAdvertising Looking for assessment on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The table below summarizes he results of F – test for the regression equation. Variable F – values computed F at ÃŽ ± 0.05 Decision Regression 8.551948 4.71 Reject Ho From the table above, the value of F – computed is greater than the value of F – tabulated. Thus, the null hypothesis will be rejected and conclude that the overall regression line is significant. How to improve the model and results First, the manager can remove the variables that are found not to be statistically significant. Also, the manager can improve the regression equation by more adding variables which are considered that can affect the regression equation. This is often done at the formulation stage. Finally, the manager can increase the power of the explanatory variables. Thus, the management can either use cubic or quadratic functions. Theoretical Framework Justification Human Capital Theory Fringe benefits and wage earnings are identified as the main components of com pensation summation. However, fringe benefits are apportioned a larger share in the total compensation matrix due to the fact that their influence was experiencing a consistent growth over the last decade in the labor market. These fringe benefits are classified as social security, unemployment compensation and employee’s compensation for every unit of labor given as indicated in the human capital theory. In classification, these fringe benefits assume the form of insurance benefits, paid leave, and legally acquired benefits to a worker for every unit of labor delivered against the revenue realized (Allen 10). Labor Market Discrimination Theory Type and form of fringe benefits are never universal. Rather, they are influenced by the type of industry in which labor operates, ration and occupational groups as indicated in the labor market discrimination theory. This is due to the fact that governments and other agencies have introduced laws and regulations aimed at pushing for h igher and reliable compensation. In most instances, the blue collar employees have a larger share of the legalities, construed benefits than their counterparts in white collar jobs (Verbeek 77). Job Characteristics Theory In a bid to extrapolate this relationship, the Job Characteristics/Compensating Wage Differentials theory is a certain reason for the experienced growth over the sample space. Reflectively, the variables interacting within the parameters of this theory are leisure and income within the normal indifference curve. Consequently, the resulting interaction becomes flexible to different bundles of budget constraints that might be present at each level of computation. Further, this theory asserts that indifference curve is a product of various fringe benefits and wage rates that interact simultaneously to yield same utility level for each worker. When all other factors are held constant, higher swing of the indifference curve indicates higher levels of utility (Kanbur 87) . Incentive pay theory The requirement for intrinsic substitution as a component of the decision science aimed at managing the fringe benefits are peculiar in labor economics. In such case, the foregone alternative would be forfeiting leisure related savings for health and pension needs which are characterized as basic for every worker. The adoption of this thought is influenced by the fact that basic needs are more critical than the secondary wants in the matrix of fringe benefits. Besides, the long term effects of purchasing the basic needs are greater than those opting to acquire secondary needs upfront. Tax advantages to employers, scale of economies, and efficiency are major factors that led to the growth of fringe benefits (Koning 137). Therefore, as fringe benefits increase, the workers’ utility increased in the same ratio. Labor Union When implanting compensation plans, it is important for the firm to consider the efficiency of each labor unit against the wage payment s. These units should be quantified in line with performance targets and revenue accrued. In order to achieve this, introduction of regulatory agents, such as supervisors who work alongside the employees may be beneficial. As explained in the labor union theory, this agent often influences wage prices to be very sticky downwards. In the sample, the unionized employees reported stable income and structured employment contracts as pull factors into their respective fields. Regression analysis The regression line can be simplified to take the form Y = b0 + b1X + b2X + †¦+ bnX for n variables. Y = rate of growth of GDP Xi = All explanatory variables Evaluation of regression model A two tailed t- test is carried out at 95% level of confidence. Null hypothesis: Ho: bi = 0 Alternative hypothesis: Ho: bi ≠  0 The table below summarizes the results of the regression and a determination a test on whether they are significant or not. Model B Standard Error Beta t Comments (Const ant) .458 12.729 .036 Positive relationship with the depend relationship Statistically significant S 1.788 .456 .302 3.924 Positive relationship with the depend relationship Statistically significant EDUCDO -.669 4.367 -.012 -.153 Negative relationship with the depend relationship Not Statistically significant EDUCHSD -2.154 3.459 -.074 -.623 Negative relationship with the depend relationship Not Statistically significant EDUCAA -2.899 3.627 -.057 -.799 Negative relationship with the depend relationship Not Statistically significant EDUCBA 3.618 3.353 .099 1.079 Positive relationship with the depend relationship Not statistically significant EDUCMAST .990 4.095 .015 .242 Positive relationship with the depend relationship Not statistically significant EDUCPHD -8.242 12.956 -.025 -.636 Positive relationship with the depend relationship Not statistically significant EDUCPROF 43.449 7.229 .259 6.011 Positive relationship with the depend relationship Statistically signif icant ETHBLACK -2.952 2.871 -.063 -1.028 Negative relationship with the depend relationship Not Statistically significant ETHWHITE -.921 2.424 -.023 -.380 Negative relationship with the depend relationship Not Statistically significant AGE -.357 .244 -.057 -1.464 Negative relationship with the depend relationship Not Statistically significant EXP .642 .134 .197 4.806 Positive relationship with the depend relationship Statistically significant From the table above, only three variables are statistically significant. All the others are not at the 95% level of confidence and thus can be dropped from the regression model. R-square value The value of R2 is 27.8%. This implies that the amount of investment explains only 51.67% of the variation in rate of growth of GDP. It is an indication of a weak explanatory variable. Also, the value of adjusted R2 is low at 26.1%. The value is quite low and it indicates that the regression model is weak. More variable statistically significa nt variables should be added to the regression model at the formulation stage (Allen 97). Testing the overall significance of the regression model The overall significance of the regression model can be analyzed using an F – test at the 95% level of confidence. Null hypothesis H0: ÃŽ ²0 = ÃŽ ²1 =, = ÃŽ ²p Alternative hypothesis H1: ÃŽ ²j ≠  0, for at least one value of j The table below summarizes he results of F – test for the regression equation. Variable F – values computed F at ÃŽ ± 0.05 Decision Regression 16.892 4.71 Reject Ho From the table above, the value of F – computed is greater than the value of F – tabulated. Thus, the null hypothesis will be rejected and conclude that the overall regression line is significant. Test for autocorrelation Autocorrelation is a scenario where the error terms of different periods are related. It is often tested either graphically or by use of the Durbin Watson test. The Durbin Watson lies b etween 0 and 4. A value of 2 implies that there is no correlation between the variables. A value of 0 and 4 indicates a strong correlation. The values are summarized below (Kanbur 77). Model Durbin-Watson Rounded off Comments (Constant) 1.796 2 No correlation S 1.796 2 No correlation EDUCDO 1.796 2 No correlation EDUCHSD 1.796 2 No correlation EDUCAA 1.796 2 No correlation EDUCBA 1.796 2 No correlation EDUCMAST 1.796 2 No correlation EDUCPHD 1.796 2 No correlation EDUCPROF 1.796 2 No correlation ETHBLACK 1.796 2 No correlation ETHWHITE 1.796 2 No correlation AGE 1.796 2 No correlation EXP 1.796 2 No correlation The information in the table below shows that there is no serial correlation in the data. Heteroscedasticity Heteroscedasticity is a scenario where the error term violates the assumption of constant variance. The standard error of the regression equation is 6920.717929. In the regression above, the robust standard errors are 8859.92728. It is a n indication of the possible existence of heteroscedasticity (Koning 98). Allen, Michael. Understanding Regression Analysis, Alabama: Springer, 2004. Print. Bazen, Stephen. Econometric Methods for Labour Economics, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011. Print. Kanbur, Ravi. Labour Markets and Economic Development, Alabama: Routledge, 2012. Print. Koning, Jaap. Evaluation of Active Labour Market Policies: Measures, Public Private Partnerships And Benchmarking, New York: Edward Elgar Publishing, 2007. Print. Verbeek, Marno. A Guide to Modern Econometrics, New York: John Wiley Sons, 2008. Print.

Predict future business opportunities and threats in the national and Essay

Predict future business opportunities and threats in the national and global environment - Essay Example The purpose of this paper is to describe and analyze threats and opportunities that businesses face in the future domestically and internationally. The economies of countries have become more interconnected than in the past. A potential opportunity for businesses in the global economy is to take advantage of the growing trade from emerging economies. Emerging economies can be defined as rapidly growing and volatile economies that promise huge potential for growth, but also pose significant political, monetary, and social risks (Businessdictionary). In a lot of these emerging economies there are a growing number of middle class citizens that are looking to purchase consumer products in order to increase their standard of living. Two examples emerging economies that pose a tremendous opportunity for companies looking to expand into foreign markets due to their large populations are China and India. The combined population of China and India account for over one-third of the global popu lation. A market that has been forgotten by the business community which poses an opportunity for companies looking to expand oversees is Africa. The Sub-Sahara African region is considered by many economists as the frontier market. Africa has six of the ten fastest economies in the world (Harare and Johannesburg). Another reason that Africa represents a huge opportunity for businesses in the future is due to the fact that within three decades Africa will surpasses China as the world’s largest workforce. In the future another factor that represents an opportunity for businesses is technological advancement. Companies must invest money in research and development in order to accelerate the process of innovation to bring new technologies to the market. Companies will be able to improve their manufacturing capabilities as technologies such as robotics become advance enough to replace the need for human labor. Automation provides several advantages to companies such as lower labo r costs and greater productivity. â€Å"Automation created hundreds of millions of jobs in entirely new fields† (Kelly). The premise that robotics and automation will increase unemployment is erroneous. The need of low skilled laborers will decrease in the future, but the demand for skilled laborers will rise. New technologies are going to create new markets and more opportunities for new businesses. The supply of labor in the future will change in regards to how companies recruit personnel. The old approach of focusing mainly in employees located near the geographical location of the business will change. Companies in the future are going to look more to recruit employees internationally because it will become harder to find educated employees in many fields from the local labor supply. The governments of the different nations across the world are going to have to change their immigration policies in order to adjust to the needs of global corporations. In the future companie s will be able to reduce their operating costs associated with energy due to the fact that renewable energy sources will become cheap enough to replace the dependency on petroleum as the main source of energy and gasoline. Despite all the positive scenarios of the future of business there are also threats that corporations must deal with. Robotics poses both an opportunity and a threat. If machines evolve enough to have artificial intelligence that is smarter than the human brain it is possible that the robotics

A Role For Theory Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

A Role For Theory - Research Paper Example Public policy theory, the study or discussion of public policies (in this case relating to Global Warming) play an important role in the daily lives of a policy practitioner. It would one’s first priority as a policy practitioner to keep up to date with what goes on in their world, their country, and the country’s government. To stay in touch with any new changes that the government or official might decide to make or imply is what keeps a policy practitioner going, which has a high tendency of happening as Global Warming policy practitioner. There is much practical value to understanding the theories of public policy for policy practitioner or analyst because keeping their discussions as close to facts as possible is what is going to help them be better at what they do. If they start forming rhetorical theories about an issue they approach, it will be very hard for them to convince others to see their point of view. Environmental Sociology developed in the 1970s when increasing awareness on a social level about global warming or climate change started taking place. By 2007 sociologists who belong to the studies of environmental problems had dedicated themselves to the investigation and application of conceptual approaches to global warming and are still ongoing. The U.S Global Change Research Program, developed in 1989, works with the coordination and integration of federal researches done on the changes in the global environment and their implications on society. The Executive Office of the President of U.S officially oversaw the U.S. Climate Change Science Program, from 2002 to 2008 which was facilitated by the National Coordination Office. I believe that keeping public policies as close to the reality of the situation is the best a practitioner can do.

Interracial relationships within teammates in sports Essay

Interracial relationships within teammates in sports - Essay Example In the arena of sports, this is especially true and of especial importance. The various factors that form this list in the arena of teamwork and relationships on and off the field have been discussed in this paper so as to pose relevant questions regarding the quality of these relationships. To be more specific, this paper discusses the area of interracial relationships and the quality of the same within and outside the field. To begin with, let us define sports. The term 'sports' signifies the act of playing a game according to rules so as to declare a winner and a loser. But the very concoction of word sport will demonstrate that no one really loses. The very fact that a person or a team has stood on the field and performed so as to uphold the game and its rules, is enough to make any person a winner for life. In context of the above mentioned factors and discussion of sports, it may be asserted that there is a strong play of motivation in the conduct of sports and that of sportsmen. The basic motivational factor that is being studied in this paper is a combination of all the factors discussed above with a focus on interracial relationships and how these affect the relationships shared within team-mates on the field and off of it. (Eig, 2007) The motivation based on racial factors mirrors the fact that there is a lot yet to be learnt in terms of the factors that actually shape the psyche of the sportsman and affect his performance in the process. It may also be noted that despite the progress made by the world in terms of phenomena like globalisation, there is still a lot left to achieve as far as one on one relationships between people of various races is concerned. This adheres to various spheres and not just sports. Since a sport is all about teamwork more than anything else, it is easy to see these flaws and take stock of the same. McConley, Pg 3 (2008) In this regard, the foremost question that needs to be asked is whether or not the motivational factors for team mates depends on the friendships and bonds formed on the basis of colour and race. For example, let us look at the case of Jackie Robinson. A baseball player par excellence, who played for the Dodgers starting with the Negro League Kansas City Monarchs in 145, he went on to lead the international batting average with .349 average. Yet, there was constant heckling that he had to face once he got down on the field. The person who stood up and supported him openly was Dodgers captain, Pee Wee Reese. Also, Robinson found strong support in the person who had faced similar discrimination - team mate and Jewish baseball star Hank Greenburg. (Eig, 2007) So the question that comes up here is whether or not like attracts like. Is this a case of the discriminated standing up for the discriminated, or a White person standing up for a minority no matter what. The question that needs to be asked is whether or not the recognition of talent should be the greatest motivation rather than the